Pig Standards 2010 | Animal Welfare Approved

Pig Standards

Farmers in this program will be distinguished by a humane and conscientious attitude toward the animals in their care as well as by housing and husbandry that meet the Animal Welfare Approved standards.

Farmers in the program agree to a minimum of one visit a year from Animal Welfare Approved staff or agents, with the possibility of additional visits if deemed necessary, to confirm compliance with the standards during various seasons and to allow observation of animals in different phases of life. Participation in the program is on an annual basis and must be renewed each year.

The premise of the Animal Welfare Approved standards is that animals must be allowed to behave naturally. The following standards allow pigs the opportunity to perform natural and instinctive behaviors essential to their health and well-being. Provisions are made to ensure social interaction, comfort, and physical and psychological well-being.

The Animal Welfare Approved program is voluntary. The standards do not supersede national government or state legislation.

Animal Welfare Approved recommends that farmers have the Guide to Understanding Our Standards and Standards and Program Definitions documents at hand while reading these standards.

1.0 OWNERSHIP AND OPERATION

1.0.1 Each farm must be a working independent family farm, that is, one on which a family or individual:

1. 1.0.1.1 Owns the animals.
2. 1.0.1.2 Is engaged in the day to day management of the farm and its animals.
3. 1.0.1.3 Derives a share of his/her/their livelihood.
4. 1.0.1.4 Produces a livestock product for sale or trade.

1.0.2 The family or individual may participate in networks, co-operatives or marketing groups as long as each member is audited as meeting all other requirements listed in these standards.

1.0.3 Exceptions to the family farm requirement may be permitted for farms that serve an educational purpose or demonstrate exceptionally high animal welfare.

1.0.4 The family or individual must employ the Animal Welfare Approved Standards for all the animals of the species for which they are seeking approval. Farmers must not use “split” or “dual” systems, in which some animals of one species are simultaneously kept in systems that do as well as systems that do not meet Animal Welfare Approved Standards.

Note: A farm is not required to seek approval for all species on the farm simultaneously.

2.0 BREEDS AND ORIGIN OF ANIMALS

2.0.1 Animals who have undergone genetic selection to the point that their welfare is negatively affected are prohibited.

2.0.2 Animals must be chosen with consideration of their ability to thrive in the prevailing climatic conditions of the farm, in pasture-based, free range, outdoor systems.

2.0.3 Cloned or genetically engineered animals, breeding stock or semen are prohibited.

2.0.4 The farmer must ensure that any breeding animal brought onto the farm is suitable for the Animal Welfare Approved program.

2.0.5 A record of the source, date of purchase and number of breeding animals must be kept.

2.0.6 Farmers should develop a breeding plan to produce their own replacement stock.

2.0.7 Any farm or ranch which rescues or rehabilitates animals must contact the Animal Welfare Approved office as soon as practically possible and preferably before rescue animals arrive on farm.

2.1 The pig breeding herd

2.1.1 Artificial insemination is permitted.

2.1.2 Not allocated.

2.1.3 The ability to successfully give birth independently must be taken into account in modifications over time to herd genetics.

Note: In order to score this standard the auditor will assess the number of assisted births.

2.1.4 Embryo transfer and knowingly using the progeny of animals produced by embryo transfer is prohibited.

2.1.5 In breeding programs, attention must be paid to breed characteristics that will improve welfare such as susceptibility to lameness, susceptibility to heat stress and longevity.

2.1.6 Not allocated.

2.1.7 When selecting pigs for breeding, sows should be chosen for their good maternal qualities and, in addition, should not be bred for over-sized litters that make it impossible for the sow to care properly for all her piglets.

2.2 Not allocated

2.3 Animals raised for meat

2.3.1 Feeder or store pigs must only be obtained from Animal Welfare Approved farms.

3.0 HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Health and management planning increases both positive welfare and productivity.

3.0.1 Animal management must be focused on promoting health rather than treating disease.

3.0.2 Each farmer in the Animal Welfare Approved program must establish contact with a qualified expert such as a veterinarian. The qualified expert must be familiar with:

1. 3.0.2.1 The animals on the farm.
2. 3.0.2.2 The health requirements of the state.
3. 3.0.2.3 Methods to maximize animal health and welfare.

3.0.3 Each farmer should schedule regular preventative care visits by a qualified expert.

Note: The Animal Welfare Approved program will provide support and assistance in achieving this standard.

3.0.4 A health plan emphasizing prevention of illness or injury must be prepared in consultation with the farm’s qualified expert advisor to promote positive health and limit the need for treatment. It must address:

1. 3.0.4.1 Avoidance of physical, nutritional or environmental stress.
2. 3.0.4.2 Lameness.
3. 3.0.4.3 Climatic considerations.
4. 3.0.4.5 Biosecurity measures.
5. 3.0.4.6 Nutrition.
6. 3.0.4.7 Environmental impacts, including manure management and run-off.
7. 3.0.4.8 Pasture management.
8. 3.0.4.9 Exclusion of predators and control of rats and mice.
9. 3.0.4.10 Euthanasia.
10. 3.0.4.11 Mastitis.
11. 3.0.4.12 Johne’s disease.

3.0.5 Any surgical procedure not covered by these standards must be carried out by a veterinarian.

3.0.6 All animals must be thoroughly inspected at least once per 24 hours.

Note: During this inspection, the welfare of each animal must be observed. If any animal is not in a state of well-being, it must be cared for immediately and corrective measures must be taken. During a time of increased risk to health and welfare, inspections must be increased as necessary to protect the animal’s well-being.

Derogation may be granted for operations that can show, in extensive systems, welfare would not be compromised by fewer inspections.

3.0.7 Not allocated.

3.0.8 If there is disease or known risk of disease on farm vaccines must be used.

Note: In order to help eliminate or reduce vulnerability to disease and the need for antibiotics at therapeutic levels, Animal Welfare Approved encourages the appropriate use of vaccines on an individual or group basis for prevention of disease.

3.0.9 Any sick or injured animals on the farm must be treated immediately to minimize pain and distress. This must include veterinary treatment if required.

1. 3.0.9.1 Homeopathic, herbal or other non-antibiotic alternative treatments are preferred.
2. 3.0.9.2 If alternative treatments are not suitable or not effective or if a veterinarian has recommended antibiotic treatment, this must be administered.
3. 3.0.9.3 Withholding treatment in order to preserve an animal’s eligibility for market is prohibited.

Note: Finding untreated injured or ill animals may be grounds for removal from the program.

3.0.10 Animals treated with an antibiotic must not be slaughtered for the Animal Welfare Approved program for a period of time that is at least twice the licensed withdrawal period of the antibiotic used.

3.0.11 Action must be taken to treat lameness and to remove any causes of lameness.

3.0.12 There must be provision of a safe place for sick or injured animals to recover, free of competition.

3.0.13 If injured animals are separated from the herd they must only be kept apart until such time they can rejoin other cattle without adversely affecting either the health or welfare of the individual or the herd.

3.0.14 The sub-therapeutic and/or non-therapeutic use of antibiotics, or any other medicines, to control or prevent disease or promote growth, is prohibited.

3.0.15 Growth hormones or the use of any other substances promoting weight gain are prohibited.

3.0.16 Records must be kept of the administration of veterinary medical products.

1. 3.0.16.1 Date of purchase.
2. 3.0.16.2 Name of product.
3. 3.0.16.3 Quantity purchased.
4. 3.0.16.4 Identity of the animals treated.
5. 3.0.16.5 Reason why animals were treated.
6. 3.0.16.6 Number of animals treated.
7. 3.0.16.7 Date when treatment started and finished.

3.0.17 The primary methods of preventing parasite infestations must be pasture management or rotation and bedding management and removal.

3.0.18 If prevention has not been effective, medicine regimens must be implemented to effectively control worms, lice, mange and any other parasites.

3.0.19 The use of organophosphates is prohibited.

Note: An exception to the standard above may be considered if other treatments have been shown to be ineffective. Please refer to the Animal Welfare Approved paper on organophosphate and non-organophosphate products.

3.1 Health management for pigs

3.1.1 Routine use of substances to induce estrus (heat) is prohibited.

3.2 Temporary separation

3.2.1 Animals must not be kept in isolation unless briefly required, for veterinary procedures or to recover from an illness or injury.

Note: Individual farrowing huts or pens where the sow still has visual and auditory contact with other pigs are acceptable.

3.2.2 The primary enclosure for temporarily single-housed animals must be of such a size to allow the animals to comfortably turn around, stand up and lie down fully without touching the enclosure.

Note: See the specified space allowances in section 8.1.

3.2.3 Temporarily single-housed animals should have visual and auditory contact with others.

3.2.4 At minimum, pens used for the treatment of sick animals must be cleaned between each use.

3.3 Euthanasia

3.3.1 Animals experiencing pain or suffering from which they are unlikely to recover must be immediately and humanely euthanized on the farm.

3.3.2 Euthanasia must be carried out in a manner that renders the animal immediately insensible to pain.

Note: Please contact Animal Welfare Approved if further information on appropriate methods of euthanasia is required.

3.3.3 Euthanizing animals in a way that causes unnecessary pain or suffering is prohibited. Prohibited methods include:

1. 3.3.3.1 Electrocution.
2. 3.3.3.2 Suffocation.
3. 3.3.3.3 Exsanguination without prior unconsciousness.
4. 3.3.3.4 Blow to the head by blunt instrument on piglets heavier than 12 lbs (5.5 kg).

Note: A blow to the head by blunt instrument on piglets below 12 lbs (5.5.kg) is only acceptable if a preferred method is not readily available and the animal would suffer if euthanasia was not carried out immediately.

3.3.4 Not allocated.

3.3.5 When local or national authorities order the killing of a herd or flock or if any large-scale euthanasia is about to take place to eradicate disease, the Animal Welfare Approved program must be notified immediately. Such an event must be supervised by a veterinarian, government authority, livestock expert, and/or official representative of the Animal Welfare Approved program, to ensure that the proper euthanasia protocol and humane handling procedures are being followed.

4.0 EMERGENCIES

4.0.1 A plan to care for or house animals in emergency situations must be prepared and be understood by all of those working on the farm.

1. 4.0.1.1 The plan must consider the welfare of the animals during a fire. In shelters or housing with restricted access (a single door or doorways), a fire plan must be established with escape routes to the outdoors, available from the interior of the shelter, to allow all animals to be evacuated quickly. In shelters or housing with restricted access, a method to extinguish the fire (fire extinguisher, water source) must be readily accessed. Animals must be kept from direct access to electrical wiring and heat sources as a fire prevention measure.
2. 4.0.1.2 The plan must ensure welfare of the animals is maintained in any potential climatic extreme such as floods, snow storms, or drought.
3. 4.0.1.3 The plan must ensure welfare of the animals is maintained during any potential disruption of services or mechanical breakdown, such as water supply cutoff and breakdown of feeding or ventilation machinery.
4. 4.0.1.4 The plan must ensure the welfare of animals is maintained during transport to include actions to be taken in the event of an accident or vehicle breakdown.

5.0 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

5.0.1 Records must be kept of the purchase, sale or transfer of Animal Welfare Approved animals and products (e.g. meat).

Note: For animals to be sold with the Animal Welfare Approved label or logo records must show that they have been slaughtered at Animal Welfare Approved slaughter plants. Animal Welfare Approved recommends that even if animals or animal products are not sold under the label or logo they are sold to other Animal Welfare Approved farms and slaughtered at Animal Welfare Approved slaughter plants.

5.0.2 Records must be kept of mortalities and morbidity including cause where known.

5.0.3 Records must be kept of the number and reasons for animals being culled.

5.0.4 All classes of animals must be kept in stable groups; mixing animals from different groups should be avoided.

5.0.5 Special care must be taken when mixing breeding males to socialize them to one another as safely as possible and to minimize harm to individuals.

5.0.6 All groups of animals must be age, size, and behaviorally sorted to ensure the welfare of less dominant animals.

5.0.7 All facilities, equipment, fittings and ranging and foraging areas used by the animals must be free of debris.

5.0.8 All facilities, equipment, fittings, fencing and ranging and foraging areas must be designed and maintained in such a way that they do not pose a risk, or inflict injury or damage to the animals.

5.1 Management of pigs

5.1.1 Animals must be maintained at body score 2 or above.

5.1.2 Breeding animals must not exceed body score 4.

5.1.3 A competent person must be available at birthing time to assist if problems are anticipated at delivery.

5.1.4 to 5.1.6 Not allocated.

5.1.7 Gilts must not farrow before the age of 10 months.

Note: Gilts may reach puberty before the minimum age of first service at 6 months of age. Un-castrated boar pigs must be managed carefully within the pig operation to ensure gilts are not accidentally served too young. This applies to gilts reared for meat as well as those for breeding.

5.1.8 to 5.1.15 Not allocated.

5.1.16 Pregnant sows must be kept in groups.

5.1.17 Sow groups must be managed in a way that promotes a stable social order.

1. 5.1.17.1 A single animal should not be introduced into an established social group to prevent fighting and injuries to less dominant animals.

5.1.18 When introducing pigs to an established social group the timing and method of introduction must be selected to minimize aggression.

5.1.19 Sows about to farrow must be provided with an individual arc, hut, pen or free stall for farrowing and nursing.

5.1.20 Prior to farrowing arcs, huts, pens or free stalls must be amply bedded with fresh, dry bedding that the sow can manipulate.

Note: Particular care should be taken when using a heat lamp for piglets over bedding because of the risk of fire.

5.1.21 Group lactation for sows that farrow within 10 days of each other is recommended.

5.1.22 The number of sows in communal farrowing and/or lactation systems must not exceed 12 animals.

5.1.23 Sows must not be placed into free stall systems or individual pens for farrowing for more than two weeks prior to the expected farrowing date.

5.1.24 Sows must not be confined within individual huts or stalls for more than 24 hours prior to the expected farrowing date.

5.1.25 After sows have farrowed they must not be confined within individual huts or stalls.

5.1.26 Piglets must be able to leave the hut or stall after 10 days of age.

5.1.27 If fresh farrowed sows and piglets over the age of 10 days do not have free access to a ranging and foraging area, the area outside the housing, hut, free stall or pen must not be less than 48.00 sq. feet (4.5 sq. meters) per sow and litter.

5.1.28 The sow and litter must have free access to a ranging and foraging area once the piglets reach the age of 21 days.

5.2 Provisions for piglets

5.2.1 to 5.2.6 Not allocated.

5.2.7 Orphan or excess piglets should be fostered onto other sows.

5.2.8 If foster mothers are used the number of piglets must be adjusted to the amount of milk the foster mother can produce and the number of piglets she will accept.

5.2.9 Foster mothers must not become debilitated by nursing.

5.2.10 Sick or injured animals must not be used as foster mothers.

5.2.11 Excess piglets must not be removed for fostering until they have had colostrum.

5.2.12 Pigs must be fostered onto sows within 48 hours of the foster sow giving birth.

5.2.13 Not allocated.

5.2.14 Milk replacer containing antibiotics, growth promoters and/or any animal by-products aside from milk protein is prohibited.

Note: If the welfare of a piglet could be compromised and evidence can be submitted that suitable products are not available, a derogation is in operation to allow milk replacers which do not meet the standard above.

5.2.15 to 5.2.21 Not allocated.

5.2.22 Piglets must have access to bedding immediately from birth.

5.3 Weaning

5.3.1 Not allocated.

5.3.2 In some systems natural weaning may be possible. If this practice is carried out care must be taken to ensure the correct genetics are used and the welfare of sow and litter is not compromised.

5.3.3 Not allocated.

5.3.4 Newly weaned piglets should be kept with their litter mates.

5.3.5 to 5.3.7 Not allocated.

5.3.8 Piglets must be consuming solid food by the time of weaning.

5.3.9 to 5.3.14 Not allocated.

5.3.15 Piglets must be at least six weeks of age at weaning.

5.3.16 In exceptional circumstances when the health and welfare of the litter or the sow would otherwise be compromised, piglets may be weaned before six weeks of age. A record must be kept of how many litters and the reasons for this early weaning.

5.4, 5.5, 5.6 & 5.7 Not allocated

5.8 Castration

5.8.1 Not allocated.

5.8.2 Pigs may be castrated. The procedure must be carried out by a competent person.

5.8.3 Not allocated.

5.8.4 Physical castration is the only acceptable method.

Note: Immunocastration and other forms of chemical (synthetic or natural) castration or testosterone production limiting methods are prohibited.

5.8.5 to 5.8.8 Not allocated.

5.8.9 If piglets are to be castrated, the process must take place before the piglets reach one week of age.

Note: Where a risk to the piglets’ health can be demonstrated this period can be extended to 14 days.

5.9 Physical alteration of pigs

5.9.1 to 5.9.2 Not allocated.

5.9.3 Tail docking is prohibited.

5.9.4 to 5.9.16 Not allocated.

5.9.17 Clipping, grinding or filing of the needle teeth of piglets is prohibited.

5.9.18 Removal of boar’s tusks is prohibited.

Note: Trimming the tusks on boars as needed may be done with a surgical wire by a trained individual.

5.9.19 Nose ringing is prohibited.

Note: One septum nose ring inserted by someone proficient in the procedure may be permitted for breeding sows if it can be demonstrated that the activity of the sow would otherwise damage soil structure, cause environmental pollution, or compromise the welfare of the litter.

5.10 Identification

5.10.1 Where identification is required it must not cause harm to the animal.

1. 5.10.1.1 The preferred method for permanent identification is Sub-Cutaneous Radio Frequency Identification.
2. 5.10.1.2 The preferred method of temporary identification is non-toxic paints or dyes.
3. 5.10.1.3 Ear tagging and tattooing are permitted methods of identification.

5.10.2 Ear-marking by cutting/notching the ears with a knife is prohibited.

6.0 FOOD AND WATER

6.0.1 Animals must have free access to clean, fresh water at all times.

6.0.2 Animals must have a feeding plan that will guarantee a varied, well-balanced and wholesome nutritional regime appropriate for their age.

6.0.3 A list of ingredients or sample tear tags from all feed and supplements used on farm must be made available to the Animal Welfare Approved representative.

6.0.4 Food and water must be distributed in a way that eliminates competition.

6.0.5 Feeding meat or animal by-products is prohibited.

6.0.6 Wherever possible, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or derivatives of GMOs, including GMO feed and veterinary and health care products containing GMOs or their derivatives as well as the growing of genetically engineered crops must be avoided.

6.1 Not allocated

6.2 Food and water for pigs

6.2.1 All pigs must have continuous access to forage to satisfy hunger between meals and to allow the animals to engage in food-search activity.

Note: Forage may consist of grass, clean hay, straw, soybean hulls or similar fiber sources and crop stubble.

6.2.2 Skip-a-day or interval feeding plans are prohibited.

7.0 RANGING AND FORAGING ACCESS

The aim of good ranging and foraging area management is to satisfy the pig’s natural behaviors. Animals must be able to root and explore the ground and their natural environment.

For management of pigs in extreme weather please see sections 7.5 and 8.0.

7.0.1 Not allocated.

7.0.2 Continuous outdoor access is required for all pigs from the age of 10 days onwards. Continuous ranging and foraging area access is required for all pigs from the age of 21 days (see also 5.1.27 and 5.1.28).

7.0.3 Not allocated.

7.0.4 Ranging and foraging areas should be used in rotation.

7.0.5 The amount of outdoor area must be such that the health of the animals and range and forage quality is maintained.

7.0.6 Animals must have access to ranging and foraging areas that are well drained and clean.

7.0.7 A ranging and foraging management plan must be in place that addresses the specific farm site. It must ensure that:

1. 7.0.7.1 Not allocated.
2. 7.0.7.2 Pigs have access to growing green vegetation on the range whenever conditions allow.
3. 7.0.7.3 The composition of the ranging and foraging area does not create health problems for the animals.
4. 7.0.7.4 Pigs must have access to ranging and foraging areas that have not become polluted with manure.
5. 7.0.7.5 Ranging and foraging areas are not subject to erosion by the activities of the animals.
6. 7.0.7.6 Ranging and foraging areas are not degraded by overuse or other management techniques.
7. 7.0.7.7 Appropriate paddock size is assured.
8. 7.0.7.8 The location of water, shelter, and feeding areas is addressed.
9. 7.0.7.9 Non-point pollution and other local environmental standards are being met.
10. 7.0.7.10 Ranging and foraging areas on which animals have been out-wintered or that are otherwise worn out or denuded are restored.

7.0.8 Periodic soil testing must be conducted as necessary.

7.0.9 Periodic testing of ranging and foraging areas or forage nutritional content is recommended.

7.0.10 Herbicides and pesticides may only be used when weeds or pests cannot be practically controlled by other means.

7.0.11 Herbicides and pesticides must be mixed and disposed of according to manufacturer’s instructions to avoid environmental contamination.

7.0.12 Animals must not be kept on land within 21 days of direct application of herbicides or pesticides.

7.1 Not allocated

7.2 Ranging and foraging area access for pigs

7.2.1 Ranging and foraging areas must have evidence of grown vegetative cover within the last calendar year (refer to ranging and foraging area plan 7.0.7).

7.2.2 Where vegetative cover cannot be maintained throughout the year manipulable material must be provided (refer to ranging and foraging area plan 7.0.7).

7.3 & 7.4 Not allocated

7.5 Exclusion from ranging and foraging area

Animals who have been properly selected for the specific climate conditions will voluntarily choose to go outdoors in all but the most extreme weather. However when exclusion is in the best interest of the animal the standards in the following section and those in section 8 must be met.

7.5.1 Animals may only be removed from the ranging and foraging area and housed in an emergency situation or extreme weather conditions, when their welfare would otherwise be affected.

7.5.2 Animals may be housed in an emergency with no ranging and foraging area access for a maximum of 28 days.

7.5.3 If local climatic conditions mean that animals are likely to be housed with no access to ranging and foraging areas for more than 28 days, the farmer must have a plan for their management that applies from day one of housing. It must include:

1. 7.5.3.1 Triggers for housing such as temperature, precipitation or soil condition.
2. 7.5.3.2 Space available to each housed animal.
3. 7.5.3.3 Facilities available to house the animals. These must include laying areas, loafing areas, feeding areas and space to enable animals to fulfill their behavioral needs.
4. 7.5.3.4 Triggers for animals to be returned to pasture.

Note: It is not acceptable to use a particular date during the year as a trigger for either housing or return to ranging and foraging areas. Triggers should relate to the identified risk to the welfare of the animals under certain climatic or environmental scenarios.

7.6 Exclusion from ranging and foraging for pigs

7.6.1 When pigs are excluded from ranging and foraging areas they must be provided with sufficient material they can manipulate so that they can engage in rooting and foraging behavior.

8.0 HOUSING AND SHELTER

8.0.1 Not allocated.

8.0.2 Pigs must have continuous access to housing or a shelter that protects them from weather extremes, including high winds, sleet and heavy snows, and sun in climatic regions where high temperatures may negatively impact their welfare.

Note: This standard does not supersede 5.1.19 which requires a hut, arc, free stall or pen for sows about to farrow. For other types of pigs, particular attention must be paid to predation and management of thermal stress if shelter without a roof is being considered.

8.0.3 There must be housing or shelter space such that all animals can enter, move around and lie down as required respecting the social hierarchy of the herd (see also 8.1.1).

8.0.4 In extreme weather there must be a means to feed and water animals in a sheltered environment.

8.0.5 Shelters and housing must be well ventilated and allow fresh air to enter.

8.0.6 Shelters and housing must allow natural light to enter.

8.0.7 Animals must not be subjected to dim and/or continuous lighting or kept in permanent darkness.

8.0.8 In the daytime, the animals must always be able to see each other, their food and water sources, as well as their surroundings clearly.

8.0.9 Use of artificial light is permitted as long as it does not exceed a maximum day-length of 16 hours.

8.0.10 Artificial light must be distributed evenly.

8.0.11 Shelters and housing must have solid floors.

Note: Floors may be natural – the surface of the ground or pasture – or artificial. An area of wire or slat under a drinker will be deemed drainage not a floor. Standard 8.0.11 does not apply to range, pasture or forage area, unless the area is covered by a house or designated as a shelter area.

8.0.12 Animals at all times must have an area available that provides dry footing so they are not forced to stand in mud or manure.

8.0.13 Inspection of animals must be possible at any time day or night.

8.0.14 Manure must be removed from housing or shelters on a regular basis.

8.0.15 The house or shelter must be managed to eliminate ammonia, dampness and mold.

Note: The human nose can detect ammonia at levels of 5ppm upwards. If the farmer can smell ammonia action must be taken to eliminate the source.

8.0.16 Liquefaction of manure and liquefied manure handling systems are prohibited.

8.0.17 Close confinement such as boar, gestation and farrowing crates, including the “turn around crate” (Ottawa pen), free stalls and tethers is prohibited (see 8.0.18).

8.0.18 Temporary close confinement or tying up (tethering), which may be required for vaccination, weighing, feeding, marking or veterinary procedures, is permitted. This must be noted in the farm plan or recorded at the time.

8.0.19 Accommodations must be constructed so that they can be easily and effectively cleaned.

8.0.20 Maintenance and housekeeping routines must be in place to minimize any potential problems from rats or mice.

8.1 Housing and shelter for pigs

8.1.1 When pigs are excluded from ranging and foraging areas the following space allowances for housing are recommended.

Note: A period of consultation will take place until the end of 2010 with a view to making these standards required.

Minimum bedded lying area (for breeder pigs):

1. Sows 32 sq. feet/3.0 sq. meters
2. Boars 64 sq. feet/6.0 sq. meters
3. Farrowing sows 64 sq. feet/6.0 sq. meters

Minimum additional loafing area when animals are excluded from a ranging and foraging area- that need not be under cover or bedded (for breeder pigs):

1. Sows 32 sq. feet/3.0 sq. meters
2. Boars 86 sq. feet/8.0 sq. meters
3. Farrowing sows 48 sq. feet/3.0 sq. meters

Minimum indoor bedded lying area (for fattening pigs):

1. Up to 66 lbs (30 kg) and over 40 days/6.5 sq. feet/0.6 sq. meters
2. Up to 110 lbs (50 kg)/8.5 sq. feet/0.8 sq. meters
3. Up to 187 lbs (85 kg)/12.0 sq. feet/1.1 sq. meters
4. Up to 242 lbs (110 kg)/14.0 sq. feet/1.3 sq. meters

Minimum additional loafing area when pigs are excluded from ranging and foraging areas – that need not be under cover or bedded (for fattening pigs):

1. Up to 66 lbs (30 kg) and over 40 days/4.5 sq. feet/0.4 sq. meters
2. Up to 110 lbs (50 kg)/6.5 sq. feet/0.6 sq. meters
3. Up to 187 lbs (85 kg)/8.5 sq. feet/0.8 sq. meters
4. Up to 242 lbs (110 kg)/11.0 sq. feet/1.0 sq. meters

8.1.2 When pigs have access to ranging and foraging areas the following space allowances for huts and ark and for shade and shelter areas are recommended.

Note: A period of consultation will take place until the end of 2010 with a view to making these standards required.

Minimum space allowances for breeding pigs

1. Sows 16 sq. feet/1.5 sq. meters
2. Boars 16 sq. feet/1.5 sq. meters
3. Farrowing sows 42 sq. feet/4.0 sq. meters

Minimum space allowances for fattening pigs

1. Up to 66 lbs (30 kg) and over 40 days/3.0 sq. feet/0.27 sq. meters
2. Up to 110 lbs (50 kg)/4.5 sq. feet/0.4 sq. meters
3. Up to 187 lbs (85 kg)/7.0 sq. feet/0.65 sq. meters
4. Up to 242 lbs (110 kg)/8.5 sq. feet/0.8 sq. meters

8.1.3 to 8.1.8 Not allocated.

8.1.9 Mobile houses must be positioned away from areas of run off or potential run off.

8.2 Housing for male breeding animals

8.2.1 When a male breeding animal is kept separately from breeding females, he should either be kept with at least one other compatible animal or share a common fence with other animals of the same species with which he can have at least nose-to-nose contact.

8.2.2 When temporarily not on ranging and foraging areas, male breeding animals must be kept in housing or shelter of sufficient size to accommodate their resting and exercise needs.

Note: See the specified space allowances in section 8.1.

8.3 Bedding

8.3.1 In housing bedding must be available to animals at all times.

8.3.2 Not allocated.

8.3.3 Bedding must be clean, dry, and mold-free and replenished as needed.

8.3.4 Bedding must not cause discomfort or harm to the animals.

8.3.5 Bedding with straw or cornstover is preferred.

8.3.6 Bedding from timber-based products sourced from chemically treated wood is prohibited.

8.3.7 There must be enough bedding to ensure the comfort of all animals.

8.3.8 In cold temperatures heat must be provided as necessary to keep animals comfortable.

9.0 REMOVAL OF ANIMALS FROM THE APPROVED FARM

9.0.1 These standards only apply to animals that the approved farmer retains ownership of when they are moved off the approved farm.

9.1 Routine use of land that is not controlled by the approved farm

Animal Welfare Approved recognizes that the approved farm may routinely need to send animals off-farm to access ranging and foraging areas or for other management reasons. Animal Welfare Approved retains the right to audit these off-farm sites. Please see the standards below for guidance.

9.1.1 If the approved farm has any compliance issues other than record keeping and farm plans, the off-farm animals must be audited before approval can be granted or renewed.

9.1.2 If animals are removed from the main approved farm for five months or more in any calendar year, the off-farm animals must be audited before approval can be granted or renewed.

9.1.3 If 25% or less of the total animals owned are off the approved farm for less than five months in any calendar year and the main farm audit has no animal based compliance issues, the off farm animals may not need to be audited.

9.1.4 There must be a separate and specific plan for maintaining animal health and welfare, transport, biosecurity and continued compliance with the Animal Welfare Approved standards while animals are not directly controlled by the approved farm (see also 3.0.4).

9.2 Temporary removal of approved animals from the approved farm

9.2.1 Animal Welfare Approved livestock will only retain their status when temporarily removed from the approved farm for the following reasons:

1. 9.2.1.1 Male animals used for breeding.
2. 9.2.1.2 Female animals taken to be naturally served.
3. 9.2.1.3 Movement of animals in an emergency.
4. 9.2.1.4 Movement of animals prepared for showing.

9.2.2 When Animal Welfare Approved livestock are removed from the approved farm they must be kept to Animal Welfare Approved standards until such time they leave the ownership of the approved farm or farmer (see also 9.2.3).

9.2.3 Animals taken to shows do not have to meet ranging and foraging access standards as long as they are only off the approved farm for a maximum of 72 hours.

9.2.4 If Animal Welfare Approved breeding animals are hired or taken to farmers that are not Animal Welfare Approved the approved farm must ensure that the farm they are transferring the animals to is aware of the relevant standards for management and can meet them.

9.2.5 There must be a separate and specific plan for maintaining biosecurity, animal health and welfare and transport when moving stock on and off the approved farm (see also 3.0.4).

9.2.6 Showing animals must be conditioned to handling, loading and human contact before movement to a show can be permitted.

10.0 PROTECTION FROM PREDATORS AND CONTROL OF RATS AND MICE

10.0.1 All animals must be protected from predators.

10.0.2 If livestock guardian dogs are used their management must meet the Animal Welfare Approved guidelines for guardian or herding canine management.

10.0.3 In the event that exclusion is unsuccessful and predation remains an issue, live trapping may be used. (Please contact Animal Welfare Approved for guidance.)

10.0.4 Live traps must be checked twice daily.

10.0.5 All other forms of traps are prohibited.

10.0.6 All snares and leghold traps are prohibited.

10.0.7 The use of poisons against predators is prohibited.

10.0.8 If live trapping is not possible or is not successful then as a last resort lethal control of specific animals may be carried out when these are causing an immediate threat to farm livestock.

10.0.9 If there is a continuous threat from predators that cannot be managed by live trapping advice must be sought from Animal Welfare Approved regarding a control program.

10.0.10 Lethal control/euthanasia of predators must result in instantaneous irreversible unconsciousness and death.

10.0.11 If a predatory animal has been euthanized to protect the animals on the farm, there must be records kept of the species in question, number of animals, and euthanasia method.

10.0.12 Glue boards for the control of rats and mice are prohibited.

10.0.13 Licensed rodenticides placed such that non-target species have no access to them may be used for the control of rats or mice.

10.0.14 Lethal control/euthanasia of live trapped rodents must result in instantaneous irreversible unconsciousness and death.

11.0 RECORDS AND RECORD-KEEPING

This section lists the records that must be maintained on farm and the sections where they can be found.

11.0.1 Records of the source, date of purchase, and number of animals in the breeding herd (see also 2.0.5).

11.0.2 Records of a health plan (see also 3.0.4).

11.0.3 Records of the administration of veterinary medical products (see also 3.0.16).

11.0.4 Records of an emergency plan (see also section 4.0).

11.0.5 Records of sale or transfer of Animal Welfare Approved animals or products (see also 5.0.1).

11.0.6 Records of mortality, morbidity and culling (see also 5.0.2 and 5.0.3).

11.0.7 Records of a feeding plan including nutritional regime (see also 6.0.2).

11.0.8 Records of ingredients of feed for each class of stock, proportion of the constituents to the total feed on a dry matter basis, and/or sources of the constituent parts (see also 6.0.3).

11.0.9 Records of a ranging and foraging area management plan (see also 7.0.7).

11.0.10 Records of a plan of management if animals are excluded from ranging and foraging areas for more than 28 days (see also 7.5.3).

11.0.11 Records of any close confinement of animals (see also 8.0.18).

11.0.12 Records of management of owned animals that are removed from the approved farm (see also 9.1.4 and 9.2.5).

11.0.13 Records of predatory animals who have been euthanized to protect the animals on the farm (see also 10.0.11).

11.0.14 Records of a plan for transporting animals (see also 13.0.1).

11.0.15 Records of any piglets weaned prior to the age specified in standard 5.3.15 including reason for early weaning (see also 5.3.16).

Note: For new farmers entering the program a period of 12 months will be provided to put the program plan and documents in place. The Animal Welfare Approved consultancy team will be able to assist in this process. The Animal Welfare Approved program will also provide templates for record-keeping upon request.

12.0 HANDLING

12.0.1 Efforts must be made to develop positive relationships between the farmer and animals through gentle handling.

12.0.2 All areas accessed by the animals must provide good traction and be well drained and kept clean and free of ice in the wintertime.

12.0.3 The use of hot prods or electric shocks is prohibited.

12.0.4 Abuse or maltreatment of animals is prohibited.

12.0.5 All animals must be moved in a calm and consistent manner. Stress from loud noises and rapid movements must be minimized.

12.0.6 All chutes and other facilities for loading must be designed to minimize stress to the animal and ensure that animals can breathe normally as they proceed through the loading process.

12.0.7 Herding dogs must be well trained.

Note: Farmers who regularly train herding dogs must contact the Animal Welfare Approved office to discuss compliance with the standard above.

12.0.8 If herding dogs are used their management must meet the Animal Welfare Approved guidelines for guardian or herding canine management.

13.0 TRANSPORT

This section applies to all transport of animals including to slaughter, around the farm, between farms or delivery to farm.

13.0.1 A plan must exist to ensure that welfare of the animals is maintained during transport both around the farm and off the farm (see also 4.0.1.4).

13.0.2 All animals must be healthy, ambulatory and uninjured to be transported unless they are being transported to receive veterinary treatment.

13.0.3 The person transporting the animals must ensure they are transported without delay to their destination.

13.0.4 The person in charge of the animals being transported must ensure that the animals are not caused any injury or suffering while waiting to be loaded on to the transport vehicle, during transport, or after they have been unloaded.

13.0.5 All subcontractors, handlers and truckers must adhere to Animal Welfare Approved standards.

13.0.6 If delays during transport or unloading upon arrival at destination are anticipated, loading and transport must not commence until those complications are resolved.

13.0.7 During transport, all animals must be protected from harm and thermal stress.

1. 13.0.7.1 When temperatures fall below 60° F (+15.5° C), bedding must be provided and side vents must stay closed to protect animals from wind chill, freezing rain, etc. Straw is the preferred bedding.
2. 13.0.7.2 When temperatures rise above 80° F (+26.6° C), pigs must be sprinkled with water before loading or the truck must have a built-in, functioning sprinkler system.

13.0.8 In the event that any animals suffer injury or distress during transport they must be treated or euthanized as soon as practically possible.

13.0.9 Ventilation must be provided that allows the animals to breathe fresh air while on the transport vehicle.

13.0.10 Overcrowding during transport is prohibited. The following space allowances in transport are recommended:

1. 4.26 sq. feet (0.40 sq. meters) of space for each 250 lbs (113.60 kg) pig during winter months.
2. 5.00 sq. feet (0.46 sq. meters) of space for each 250 lbs (113.60 kg) during summer months.

13.0.11 The transportation vehicle must be thoroughly cleaned and dried prior to loading.

13.0.12 All animals must have continuous access to water until the moment of loading.

13.1 Transport of pigs

13.1.1 Transporting downed animals is prohibited.

13.1.2 Animals should not be transported in isolation.

13.1.3 The transport vehicle must be constructed or bedded to prevent animals slipping.

13.1.4 Injured or lame animals must not be sold at auctions and if sent off farm must go directly to slaughter.

13.1.5 Injured or lame animals who are able to travel must not be sent to slaughter in the same compartment as healthy animals.

13.1.6 Animals from different farms must be separated in transport.

13.1.7 Animals from different social groups (pens) should be separated in transport.

13.1.8 Transport to slaughter must not exceed 8 hours.

Note: A derogation may be granted if an approved slaughter plant is not available within 8 hours travel from the farm.

13.2 Transporting piglets

13.2.1 to 13.2.3 Not allocated.

13.2.4 Piglets must not be transported until they are at least six weeks old.

13.2.5 Piglets must be fit to travel.

13.3 Sale of animals before slaughter

13.3.1 All animals should be reared on their farm of birth.

13.3.2 Young stock, feeder or store stock must be sold direct to the farm where they will be raised.

13.3.3 Animals must not be knowingly sold into systems prohibited by these standards.

13.3.4 Routine sale to feedlots is prohibited.

13.3.5 The routine use of stockyards, auction houses and video auctions to sell animals is prohibited.

13.3.6 The Animal Welfare Approved program is a birth to slaughter program. Farmers who do not have any outlets for their animals that are acceptable to the Animal Welfare Approved program may still be eligible for approval if they have a plan to develop suitable outlets and can demonstrate year on year progress towards selling all stock through suitable outlets. Farmers that may come under this standard include:

1. 13.3.6.1 Farms selling store and feeder stock to non-approved farms and other outlets.
2. 13.3.6.2 Farms selling breeding stock to non-approved farms and other outlets.
3. 13.3.6.3 Farms selling animals as pets, for 4H or FFA and showing.

13.3.7 Animals ready for slaughter must only be sold to customers who will take them to Animal Welfare Approved slaughter plants.

Animal Welfare Approved recognizes that it may be very difficult for farms to market all their stock as finished animals or to find acceptable markets for animals that are not being reared to slaughter on the approved farm.

Animal Welfare Approved will work with farms entering the program to develop a plan and timescale to end the practice of sale through prohibited outlets.

Please contact us for further information on meeting the standards on sale of animals.

14.0 SLAUGHTER

14.0.1 On-farm slaughter is recommended.

14.0.2 Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK), in which animals remain in groups and their oxygen is slowly replaced by a mixture of argon and/or nitrogen and carbon dioxide is recommended for pigs.

Note: On-farm mobile slaughter and CAK are not readily available. It is the goal of the Animal Welfare Approved program to make these processes more widely available and acceptable for USDA-approved programs.

14.0.3 Slaughterhouses receiving animals in the Animal Welfare Approved program, or the process of slaughtering on-farm, must pass a review by the Animal Welfare Approved program for pre-slaughter handling, stunning, and killing.

14.0.4 The person delivering the animals to slaughter should stay with them to ensure that they are slaughtered according to Animal Welfare Approved guidelines in 14.0.3.

14.0.5 Downed animals must be euthanized in a manner that renders them immediately insensible to pain.

Note: Please contact Animal Welfare Approved if further information on appropriate methods of euthanasia is required.

14.0.6 Meat from downed animals must not be sold or carry the Animal Welfare Approved seal.

15.0 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

15.0.1 The Animal Welfare Approved program must be informed immediately of any changes on farm that result in a deviation from the standards.

15.0.2 Temporary deviations will be taken into consideration when unexpected circumstances that are not under the control of the farmer arise.

15.0.3 All other deviations from the Animal Welfare Approved standards can be cause for reconsideration of the farmer’s participation or removal from the Animal Welfare Approved program and use of its seal, in conjunction with that farmer’s products.

15.1 Derogations

15.1.1 If, in the opinion of the Animal Welfare Approved Standards Board, a system meets all of the principles of the program but does not pass a specific standard or standards, derogation may be granted.

15.1.2 In order for a derogation to be granted, an inspection report must be submitted stating the deviation from the published standard, the reason for this deviation, the length of time this deviation from standards will occur and the welfare outcome should the derogation be granted.

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